# Cleveland Fed study on Bitcoin and household behavior > Live situation record from CLSTR: https://clstr.news/situations/cleveland-fed-study-on-bitcoin-and-household-behavior > Updated: 2026-08-23T17:13:40.000Z. Sources: 7. Developments: 2. A working paper from the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland examines the relationship between Bitcoin returns and the investment behaviors of U.S. households. The research suggests that cryptocurrency ownership is primarily driven by expectations of future returns rather than demographic factors like age, income, or gender. Findings indicate a significant gap in expectations between current owners and non-owners, with owners expecting average annual returns of 22% compared to 7% for non-owners. The study identifies a feedback loop where positive returns attract new participants, driving prices higher. Experimental data showed that providing households with information on Bitcoin’s trailing 12-month performance increased desired cryptocurrency allocations by approximately two percentage points and led to a 2.5 percentage point increase in actual purchases. Furthermore, the research notes a correlation between Bitcoin price fluctuations and consumer behavior. While increases in Bitcoin prices were linked to higher spending on durable goods—such as cars, appliances, and furniture—among existing holders, the wealth generated from crypto tends to function similarly to gambling income and does not significantly impact regular consumer spending patterns. ## Timeline ### 2026-08-23: Cleveland Fed study: Crypto ownership driven by return expectations A Cleveland Fed study finds that cryptocurrency ownership is driven by high return expectations rather than demographics, creating a feedback loop that contributes to market volatility. 3 sources. https://clstr.news/cluster/cleveland-fed-study-crypto-ownership-driven-by-return-expectations ### 2026-08-23: Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland study links Bitcoin returns to crypto buying A Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland study finds that Bitcoin's historical returns drive increased crypto ownership and can correlate with higher consumer spending on durable goods among holders. 5 sources. https://clstr.news/cluster/federal-reserve-bank-of-cleveland-study-links-bitcoin-returns-to-crypto-buying --- Cite as: Cleveland Fed study on Bitcoin and household behavior. CLSTR, https://clstr.news/situations/cleveland-fed-study-on-bitcoin-and-household-behavior