# Global efforts to combat disinformation and FIMI > Live situation record from CLSTR: https://clstr.news/situations/global-efforts-to-combat-disinformation-and-fimi > Updated: 2026-09-23T08:15:42.000Z. Sources: 4. Developments: 2. Experts and diplomats are increasingly warning of the sophistication and impact of disinformation and foreign information manipulation and interference (FIMI). Initial warnings focused on the psychological techniques used by propagandists, such as the use of repetition and the construction of a ‘common enemy’ to manipulate public trust. Experts noted that unlike professional journalism, propaganda often starts with a predetermined conclusion and adapts evidence to fit it. As the issue has progressed, the focus has shifted toward the necessity of collective action and institutional resilience. Diplomats have emphasized that no single actor can combat information manipulation alone, arguing that protecting information integrity requires an ecosystem of independent public institutions, professional media, fact-checkers, and academic research. In North Macedonia, efforts have moved toward practical application, including the presentation of a draft policy and accountability roadmap designed to strengthen resistance to election-related FIMI through inter-institutional protocols. ## Timeline ### 2026-09-23: Diplomats urge collective action against information manipulation Experts and diplomats urge a collective response from institutions, media, and civil society to combat foreign information manipulation and electoral disinformation. 2 sources. https://clstr.news/cluster/diplomats-urge-collective-action-against-information-manipulation ### 2026-08-28: Disinformation experts warn of sophisticated propaganda techniques Experts warn that disinformation campaigns are becoming more sophisticated, using repetition and predetermined conclusions to manipulate public trust and behavior. 2 sources. https://clstr.news/cluster/disinformation-experts-warn-of-sophisticated-propaganda-techniques --- Cite as: Global efforts to combat disinformation and FIMI. CLSTR, https://clstr.news/situations/global-efforts-to-combat-disinformation-and-fimi