# Global migrant smuggling and illicit finance > Live situation record from CLSTR: https://clstr.news/situations/global-migrant-smuggling-and-illicit-finance > Updated: 2026-10-24T08:00:39.000Z. Sources: 10. Developments: 3. Reports from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) highlight the scale and financial complexity of human smuggling networks. In 2025, smuggling networks utilizing maritime routes to Europe earned between $388 million and $509 million, targeting approximately 190,000 to 209,000 people. The Central Mediterranean route emerged as the most active and expensive, with between 84,000 and 100,400 people attempting the crossing. An IOM survey found that nearly half of the migrants attempting to reach Italy or Malta from North Africa or Türkiye paid fees exceeding $7,500 per person. Other major routes identified include: • Eastern Mediterranean: 48,400 to 51,300 people traveling from Türkiye, Libya, and the Middle East toward Greece, Cyprus, and Bulgaria. • Northwest African Atlantic: 33,000 people, where smugglers received as little as $170 per person for transport in open boats to Spain’s Canary Islands. • Western Mediterranean: 24,500 people connecting North and West Africa to Spain. While smuggling operations involve significant human costs, including 3,404 people dying or going missing at sea and 104,200 individuals being intercepted and returned, authorities struggle to address the financial drivers. Smuggling often involves exploitation such as extortion, kidnapping, and forced labor. In Latin America, networks interact with armed groups like the ‘Clan del Golfo’ operating between Colombia and Panama. The UNODC warns that less than 5% of investigations into migrant smuggling result in money laundering inquiries, allowing illicit profits to be integrated into the legal economy. ## Claims - Total fees paid to smugglers on European sea routes reached between $388 million and $509 million in 2025. (corroborated by 3 sources) - Between 84,000 and 100,400 people attempted the Central Mediterranean smuggling route in 2025. (corroborated by 3 sources) - Almost half of migrants attempting to reach Italy or Malta from North Africa or Türkiye paid over $7,500 in fees. (corroborated by 3 sources) - Smugglers received as little as $170 per person on the Northwest African Atlantic route. (corroborated by 3 sources) - Between 190,000 and 209,000 people were smuggled along the four main sea routes to Europe in 2025. (corroborated by 3 sources) - 3,404 people lost their lives or were reported missing on these sea routes in 2025. (corroborated by 3 sources) - 104,200 people were intercepted at sea and returned in 2025. (corroborated by 3 sources) - 72 to 86 per cent of people on the Central Mediterranean route in 2025 were smuggled. (corroborated by 2 sources) ## Timeline ### 2026-10-24: Migrants paid up to $500 million in smuggling fees on European sea routes UN agencies estimate migrants paid up to $509 million in smuggling fees on European sea routes in 2025, with the Central Mediterranean being the busiest corridor. 3 sources. https://clstr.news/cluster/migrants-paid-up-to-500-million-in-smuggling-fees-on-european-sea-routes ### 2026-10-22: Human smuggling networks earned up to $509 million in 2025 UN reports show human smuggling networks earned up to $509 million in 2025, exploiting migrants on dangerous maritime routes to Europe, resulting in thousands of deaths and widespread human rights abuses. 4 sources. https://clstr.news/cluster/human-smuggling-networks-earned-up-to-509-million-in-2025 ### 2026-10-20: UN warns of insufficient money laundering investigations into migrant smuggling The UNODC reports that fewer than 5% of migrant smuggling investigations lead to money laundering probes, despite high fees and sophisticated methods used by criminal networks to hide profits. 3 sources. https://clstr.news/cluster/un-warns-of-insufficient-money-laundering-investigations-into-migrant-smuggling --- Cite as: Global migrant smuggling and illicit finance. CLSTR, https://clstr.news/situations/global-migrant-smuggling-and-illicit-finance