# Swedish research on antibiotic resistance and impact > Developing situation record from CLSTR: https://clstr.news/situations/swedish-research-on-antibiotic-resistance-and-impact > Updated: 2026-10-31T11:20:04.000Z. Sources: 6. Developments: 2. Research from Swedish institutions has identified how antibiotics affect both environmental and biological systems. A study by the University of Gothenburg, published in Nature Communications, found that wastewater from ten Swedish hospitals promotes the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. While municipal treatment plants did not show this effect, hospital sewage systems provided a distinct advantage to resistant bacteria, specifically driven by antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and cefotaxim. Professor Joakim Larsson, Director of the Center for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), stated this is the first direct field evidence in over 25 years linking environmental effects to pharmaceuticals excreted by humans. The findings suggest that mitigation efforts should prioritize hospital-level purification. In a separate study led by Uppsala University and published in Nature Medicine, researchers found that antibiotic use can leave detectable traces in the gut microbiome for years. By analyzing national prescription records and stool samples from nearly 15,000 adults, the study indicated that medicines like clindamycin, fluoroquinolones, and flucloxacillin are associated with changes in gut bacterial diversity even four to eight years after treatment. ## Timeline ### 2026-10-31: Swedish studies link antibiotics to resistance and long-term gut changes Swedish studies reveal that hospital sewage promotes antibiotic-resistant bacteria and that certain antibiotic treatments can alter gut microbiome diversity for up to eight years. 2 sources. https://clstr.news/cluster/swedish-studies-link-antibiotics-to-resistance-and-long-term-gut-changes ### 2026-10-29: Swedish hospital wastewater promotes antibiotic-resistant bacteria A University of Gothenburg study reveals that hospital wastewater in Sweden promotes antibiotic-resistant bacteria, suggesting a need for targeted purification at hospital sites. 4 sources. https://clstr.news/cluster/swedish-hospital-wastewater-promotes-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria --- Cite as: Swedish research on antibiotic resistance and impact. CLSTR, https://clstr.news/situations/swedish-research-on-antibiotic-resistance-and-impact