Belize archaeology reveals maize cultivation dating back 6,000 years

Archaeological research conducted by the University of New Mexico and Central Washington University has revealed that ancient inhabitants of southern Belize were cultivating maize approximately 6,000 years ago. The study, published in Communications Earth & Environment, utilized chemical and microscopic soil analysis to identify C4 plant signatures, which are characteristic of maize, in wetland margins.

Researchers found that early farmers initially utilized moist river landscapes, such as the Rio Blanco and Agua Caliente areas, to ensure soil moisture during dry periods. This allowed for small-scale cultivation alongside hunting and gathering.

Over several millennia, agricultural patterns shifted in response to climatic changes. Following a period of drought roughly 4,000 years ago, farming practices transitioned toward higher elevations. By approximately 3,500 years ago, intensive maize cultivation had moved away from wetlands and into the highlands, supporting the growth of larger settlements like the ancient city of Uxbenká.