Biofuel expansion threatens food and water security in India

A report by the research organization GRAIN warns that the global resurgence of biofuels is creating a conflict between energy interests and food security. The expansion of the agrofuel industry, driven by decarbonization mandates and energy security concerns, is linked to increased land grabs and reduced food availability.

In India, aggressive ethanol blending mandates are diverting millions of tonnes of rice and maize away from public food reserves and livestock feed. This shift raises concerns regarding domestic food inflation, water stress, and long-term nutritional security.

Global biofuel production reached 192 billion litres in 2024, with demand projected to increase by 70% by 2030. The report notes that 90% of biofuels are produced from food-related crops, warning that by 2035, bioethanol could consume 7% of global cereal production and 22% of global vegetable oil production.