Biological and psychological factors affecting sleep in adolescents and children

Biological and psychological factors influence sleep patterns in adolescents and children. During puberty, a physiological shift known as a phase delay occurs. This is caused by a natural delay in melatonin secretion, which typically triggers one to two hours later than in childhood. This biological change makes early morning wake-up times for school difficult, as the body does not receive the signal to sleep until later in the evening.

Regarding childhood sleep, psychological experts suggest that using threats or strict commands to force sleep can be counterproductive. Because sleep cannot be commanded, turning bedtime into a power struggle often leads to resistance. Instead, experts recommend establishing calming rituals and a clear framework that accompanies the child toward rest rather than demanding immediate sleep.