Biological effects of coffee consumption

Coffee contains hundreds of bioactive compounds that can affect the body in ways beyond the alertness provided by caffeine. These effects can occur even when consuming decaffeinated varieties.

One notable effect is the stimulation of the bowels; approximately thirty percent of people report an urge to defecate shortly after consumption. This may be due to specific coffee compounds or additives like lactose and certain sweeteners.

Additionally, coffee can impact several other bodily functions. It may worsen reflux symptoms, which can lead to coughing or wheezing. In individuals with glaucoma or ocular hypertension, caffeine can temporarily increase intraocular pressure. It may also affect certain ear conditions involving the tube connecting the middle ear to the nasal cavity.