Ceuta: Geopolitical tensions and energy dynamics between Spain and Morocco

The autonomous city of Ceuta remains a focal point of historical, humanitarian, and geopolitical tension between Spain and Morocco. Historically, medieval Arab historians viewed Ceuta as an integral part of the Iberian sphere rather than an African possession, noting its connections to the Visigothic and Al-Andalus territories.

In contemporary relations, energy infrastructure serves as a significant lever of influence. While natural gas accounts for approximately 11% of Morocco's electricity generation, Spain controls the primary infrastructure for Morocco's access to international gas markets. Through the Maghreb-Europe Gas Pipeline, Morocco receives liquefied natural gas regasified in Spain, with volumes increasing from 9,471 GWh in 2023 to a projected 10,375 GWh in 2025.

Beyond energy, Ceuta represents a complex humanitarian and political challenge. The city's history is deeply tied to Portuguese maritime expansion, having been conquered in 1415. Today, it is characterized by migration crises and political friction within Spain, serving as a symbol of broader European and Western challenges regarding border management and regional stability.