Coffee Consumption Linked to Heart Benefits and Digestive Risks

Drinking coffee on an empty stomach can stimulate stomach acid production, leading to heartburn, reflux, irritation, and temporary increases in cortisol, which may cause nervousness or anxiety in sensitive individuals. Specialists advise pairing coffee with food or limiting intake if discomfort occurs.

A recent review by the American Heart Association found that filtered black coffee, consumed in moderation (up to 400 mg of caffeine, roughly three to five cups per day), is associated with a lower risk of heart failure, coronary artery disease, and stroke. The benefits are strongest when coffee is consumed without added sugars, creams, or syrups. The same analysis noted a modest rise in blood‑pressure risk for those with already optimal readings and highlighted a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes among regular coffee drinkers. Excessive caffeine, especially from energy drinks, can elevate blood pressure and affect heart rhythm.