Coffee consumption: Psychological benefits and physical risks

Research and health observations highlight both the psychological benefits and physical risks associated with coffee. A study conducted at Showa University School of Pharmacy involving volunteers aged 20–29 found that exposure to the aroma of freshly brewed coffee for five minutes can significantly reduce levels of anxiety, fatigue, confusion, and low mood. This effect was observed through EEG monitoring, which showed brain wave patterns consistent with relaxation, even without caffeine ingestion.

Conversely, excessive coffee consumption poses several health risks. High caffeine intake can lead to sleep disturbances, heart palpitations, anxiety, irritability, and digestive issues such as heartburn or stomach acid increases. Certain groups, including individuals with cardiovascular disease, hypertension, active stomach ulcers, or those who are pregnant, are advised to limit consumption. Additionally, the diuretic effect of coffee can increase fluid and electrolyte loss if not balanced with adequate water intake.