Cognitive psychologists advise on efficient study habits

Cognitive psychologists suggest that common study habits, such as highlighting, underlining, and re-reading notes, may be effective for short-term cramming but are inefficient for long-term knowledge retention.

Experts note that many popular social media study hacks, including chewing gum, smelling essential oils, or listening to music, do not actually improve learning, though music may assist with mood or alertness. Robert Bjork, a professor emeritus of cognitive psychology at UCLA, describes repetitive review as a form of “mass practice” that can be a wasteful use of time.

To improve efficiency, experts recommend creating “desirable difficulties.” This involves introducing small mental challenges that strengthen neuronal connections, making it easier to retrieve information later. Cognitive psychologist Pooja K. Agarwal notes that while easy methods feel productive, the most effective learning often requires more time to process information before attempting to take notes.