Cytomegalovirus infection risks and prevention during pregnancy

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most frequent infection transmitted from mother to baby during pregnancy and serves as a preventable cause of childhood disability. The virus spreads through direct contact with body fluids, such as saliva, nasal mucus, and urine, often transmitted by young children who can shed high levels of the virus while appearing healthy.

When a pregnant person is infected, the virus can cross the placenta to the developing fetus. Approximately one in 200 babies is born with congenital CMV. While many infants remain well, the infection can cause inflammation that interferes with fetal development, potentially leading to microcephaly, hearing loss, developmental delays, and cerebral palsy.

Preventative measures include avoiding the sharing of food, drinks, or utensils with young children and practicing thorough hand hygiene after changing nappies or wiping noses. Research indicates that early testing and targeted education for CMV-negative women can reduce infection rates from 7.6% to 1.6%.