Digital connectivity and the emergence of the right to disconnect

The landscape of digital connectivity is evolving, creating new social and economic distinctions. In the telecommunications sector, 5G technology has become a minimum standard for mobile users. Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs) can now offer high-speed 5G services by utilizing wholesale agreements with major infrastructure providers, such as Movistar, Vodafone, and MasOrange in Spain, without investing in physical antennas.

Simultaneously, a new form of inequality is emerging regarding digital availability. While technology once promised to democratize opportunities, the ability to disconnect from digital platforms is becoming a marker of economic privilege. Individuals with stable corporate structures or significant resources can afford to remain offline without risking their income, whereas independent workers and those reliant on digital platforms face immediate financial consequences if they cease being reachable via mobile devices and social media.