Heating technology selection and modular reactor utility

Selecting residential heating technology requires evaluating building heat loss, insulation standards, ventilation, and usage patterns. Effective systems must match the installation, such as floor heating in new builds or high-temperature radiators in modernized buildings. Key considerations include energy source availability—electricity, gas, biomass, or district heating—and long-term operational costs rather than just initial purchase price.

Regarding large-scale heating, Professor Janusz Lewandowski of the Warsaw University of Technology suggests that small modular reactors may be more suitable for high-temperature industrial needs rather than municipal heating. For the transition period, he recommends a localized approach: utilizing heat recovery and biomass in smaller districts, while large metropolitan areas focus on gasification. He also highlights significant potential in recovering heat from infrastructure like subways and server rooms, as well as optimizing building thermal inertia.