Historical submarine technologies demonstrate varying naval effectiveness

Historical developments in submarine technology highlight the diverse ways propulsion systems impact naval capabilities. In 1864, Spanish inventor Narcís Monturiol launched the Ictíneo II, which is considered one of the first true submarines due to its use of a steam engine rather than human power. Despite its technical success and ability to reach depths of 30 meters, the project faced financial difficulties and a lack of government support, eventually leading to the loss of its original components.

In a different demonstration of technological utility, the Swedish Navy's HMS Gotland used 19th-century Stirling engine technology to successfully simulate the sinking of the US nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan during a 2005 war game. While nuclear propulsion allows for longer submerged durations, the quiet operation of the Swedish diesel-electric submarine provided a tactical advantage in the simulation, proving that older, simpler technologies can remain highly effective against modern naval assets.