History of syphilis and its impact in Europe

The history of syphilis in Europe dates back to the late 15th century, often linked to the movements of sailors crossing the Atlantic and soldiers of major European powers. A documented explosive epidemic occurred in Naples in 1495, following the return of Christopher Columbus from the Americas.

Before the introduction of penicillin in 1945, syphilis was an incurable disease that presented significant social problems due to its high prevalence, severity, and the intense social stigma attached to it. Historically, the disease was disseminated through various means, including the French invasions, and was known by various names such as the ‘French malady’ or ‘Neapolitan disease’.

In Portugal, early descriptions of the condition appear in the work of chronicler Garcia de Resende. The social impact of the disease was so profound that it has been depicted in literature and cinema, such as in the works of Karen Blixen.