Hormonal changes and their impact on women's oral health

Hormonal fluctuations during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause can significantly impact women's oral health. Changes in estrogen and progesterone levels may alter the response of gums, saliva, oral mucosa, and periodontal tissues to biofilm and other risk factors.

During puberty, rapid hormonal shifts can increase the gums' inflammatory response to biofilm, leading to redness, swelling, and bleeding. In pregnancy, there is an increased susceptibility to gingivitis. During menopause, common issues include dry mouth and changes in periodontal tissues. While hormones influence these reactions, they are not the sole cause of oral diseases; factors such as hygiene, smoking, and general health also play critical roles.