Houthi smuggling networks utilize dual-use civilian goods

Field sources and intelligence monitoring indicate that Houthi networks are expanding smuggling operations via land, sea, and air to acquire military equipment and technology. These operations increasingly rely on dual-use civilian goods, such as aircraft engines, control devices, industrial equipment, and chemical materials, to develop missile and drone capabilities.

A United Nations expert report highlights how components are concealed within commercial shipments to bypass customs. For example, 100 two-stroke gasoline engines were discovered hidden in a clothing shipment at the border with Oman. The report suggests the Houthis have transitioned from importing complete systems to assembling drones and missiles locally using a mix of imported high-value components and local materials.

Intelligence indicates that Oman and Djibouti serve as primary hubs for these activities, with much of the technology originating from Iran and China. Efforts are underway to document the companies and individuals involved, with plans to present findings to the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court.