Human microbiota evolves with age and drives metabolic communication

Scientific research indicates that the human microbiota undergoes significant transformations throughout a person's lifespan, impacting immunity, metabolites, and longevity. From birth, the intestinal tract is colonized rapidly, with bifidobacteria dominating during infancy before diversifying into a profile dominated by Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in adulthood.

Beyond mere colonization, the microbiota functions as a biochemical hub. Microorganisms transform dietary components into biologically active molecules, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA)—including butyrate, acetate, and propionate. These metabolites play critical roles in maintaining the intestinal barrier, modulating inflammation, and communicating with the liver, adipose tissue, metabolism, and the brain.