Human Papillomavirus (HPV) risks and prevention strategies

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a widespread infection that can lead to various cancers, including cervical, anal, penile, vaginal, vulvar, and head and neck cancers. In the United States, HPV affects an estimated 79 million people, while in Canada, it is estimated that 75% of sexually active individuals will encounter the virus at least once.

While many infections clear naturally without symptoms, high-risk strains such as HPV-16 and HPV-18 can cause persistent infections that interfere with tumor-suppressor proteins, leading to cancer over several decades. In Canada, 2023 saw 1,550 new cervical cancer cases and 400 related deaths, with nearly two-thirds of HPV-related cancers being non-cervical.

Vaccination, such as the Gardasil 9 vaccine, is a primary prevention tool. Medical guidelines generally recommend vaccination in late childhood or early adolescence to ensure protection before exposure. For children aged 9 to 12, a two-dose series is typically recommended, while older teens and adults may require more doses depending on their age and vaccination history.