Hwangja Hwatong identified as South Korea's oldest gunpowder weapon

Archaeologists in South Korea have identified the ‘Hwangja Hwatong’ as the oldest surviving gunpowder weapon in the country. The artifact was discovered by chance during landmine detection activities at Geumseongsan in Naju prior to hiking trail construction.

Analysis of 28 inscribed characters on the bronze weapon has provided critical historical data, including its name, weight, the name of the artisan, and the official overseeing production. Based on the inscription ‘Jeongsa’, researchers estimate the weapon was manufactured either in 1377 during the late Goryeo Dynasty or in 1437 during the early Joseon Dynasty.

The small, portable firearm measures 23.75 cm in length and weighs 1,032g. Scientific analysis shows it is a bronze casting composed of copper, tin, and lead, with a specific tin content designed to balance strength and ductility to prevent bursting during use. The artifact will be displayed at the National Palace Museum of Korea from September 23 to November 22.