India faces regional diplomatic challenges amid pragmatic foreign policy

India’s ‘Neighbourhood First Policy’, emphasized since 2014, faces significant regional challenges. While ties with Bhutan remain stable, relations with most other neighbors are characterized by tension. Relations with Pakistan are currently frozen, with no high-level talks, suspended bilateral trade, and increased military tensions following Operation Sindoor in 2025. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) has also become largely inactive, with no summit held since 2014. Additionally, the previously strong relationship with Bangladesh has transitioned into a period of tension and bitterness.

On the global stage, India’s foreign policy is described as pragmatic and focused on national interest and economic growth rather than ideology. By utilizing multi-alignment mechanisms, India has maintained and deepened ties with both Western powers and the Global South. This approach is contrasted with the foreign policy of South Africa, which faces challenges in its relations with Western powers due to perceived biases and inconsistencies.