Indoor air pollution risks from candles and incense

Burning candles and incense in enclosed spaces can release various pollutants into the air, including fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and formaldehyde.

Research indicates that the composition of wax and wicks significantly influences the amount of pollutants emitted. Unstable flames caused by drafts can lead to spikes in particulate matter emissions. Additionally, incense sticks are noted as a potent source of fine particles and may contain known carcinogens.

While the exact health impacts depend on frequency and exposure levels, studies show that PM2.5 concentrations vary widely depending on the source and the specific household environment.