Japan's pension reforms note surge in male spouse beneficiaries

Analysts note that Japan’s public pension system is becoming financially stronger as longer working lives and higher female labor participation improve its fiscal base. Despite these gains, public confidence remains mixed.

Statistics on the “third‑insured” category—spouses who receive a basic pension without paying premiums—show a sharp gender shift. Female third‑insured numbers fell from about 12.2 million in 1995 to roughly 6.28 million in 2024, reflecting increased full‑time employment among women. In contrast, male third‑insured spouses rose from about 40 thousand in 1995 to around 130 thousand in 2024, more than tripling.

Policy changes slated for October 2026 will eliminate the 106 thousand‑yen income ceiling that currently limits eligibility, and all workers with at least 20 hours per week will be required to join the pension scheme, likely further reducing female third‑insured numbers. Officials stress that the third‑insured system serves as a safety net, offering benefits such as injury allowance and disability pension.