Libya reconciliation efforts face transparency and arms deal challenges

The United States is intensifying efforts to broker a settlement between Libya’s rival governments: the UN-recognized Government of National Unity in Tripoli and the eastern-based Libyan Arab Armed Forces (LAAF) led by Khalifa Haftar. While Washington reports progress, including agreements to establish a joint operations center in Sirte and an air-training center in Misrata, the initiative faces significant challenges.

The International Crisis Group has called for greater transparency regarding the proposed ‘Unified Agreement,’ warning that a lack of public scrutiny could provoke destabilizing opposition. Concerns have been raised regarding the potential for Saddam Haftar to assume top leadership and the need for clarity on development budgets to combat corruption and illicit financial flows.

Political reconciliation is further complicated by the economic status of the warring factions, which have both grown wealthier through oil revenues. Additionally, a multibillion-dollar arms deal involving Pakistan has bolstered the LAAF, including the sale of $4.6 billion worth of combat and trainer aircraft, such as JF-17 jet fighters, with deliveries expected to continue through 2028.