Male infertility and lifestyle factors in reproductive health

Male infertility accounts for approximately 40% to 50% of all cases of couple infertility, according to the World Health Organization. Medical experts emphasize that investigations should involve both partners simultaneously to avoid diagnostic delays, noting that men should undergo urological evaluations and spermograms alongside gynecological exams for women.

Clinical recommendations suggest that medical investigation is warranted after 12 months of regular, unprotected intercourse, or after six months if the female partner is 35 years of age or older. Early evaluation is also advised for men with specific risk factors, such as a history of varicocele, testicular surgery, or chemotherapy.

Research indicates that sperm quality can be improved through specific lifestyle modifications. Key recommendations include quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and adopting a Mediterranean diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Experts also warn that excessive alcohol consumption, recreational drug use (including cannabis and opioids), and anabolic steroids can negatively impact hormone production and sperm DNA. While regular exercise supports hormonal balance, excessive or prolonged physical activity may have adverse effects.