NASA develops solid-state batteries for extreme space environments

NASA is developing new solid-state battery technology designed to withstand the extreme temperatures of space, specifically for lunar missions near the Moon's south pole. Under the SPEARS (Solid Power for Extreme Environment Adaptability and Resilience in Space) project, researchers are replacing the liquid electrolytes found in conventional lithium-ion batteries with solid ceramic or polymer materials.

Liquid electrolytes are prone to freezing, overheating, or evaporating in the vacuum and temperature fluctuations of space. In recent thermal vacuum testing at NASA Langley Research Center, SPEARS prototype cells operated stably at 80°C and down to -60°C, with only slight efficiency losses at -80°C. Testing confirmed that exposure to extreme ranges between 100°C and -170°C caused no permanent damage to the batteries.

While the batteries cannot function at the lowest extremes, the solid electrolyte prevents structural destruction from freezing. Small heaters can be used to bring the cells back to operational temperatures. Potential applications include lunar rovers, drilling tools, and astronaut life-support systems. Beyond space, the technology holds commercial potential for use in electric vehicles, drones, and mobile devices.