Neanderthal evolutionary traits influence modern human anatomy and genetics

Recent anthropological studies have revealed new insights into how Neanderthal genetics and anatomy continue to influence modern humans.

Researchers from the Max Planck Institute and the Karolinska Institute identified that a specific Neanderthal variant of the growth hormone receptor remains in some modern populations. This variant acts as an amplifier rather than a stronger binder, signaling the cell to increase growth more intensely. Individuals carrying this variant possess, on average, 270 grams of additional muscle mass, primarily in the limbs and torso. The study, which analyzed data from over 1.1 million adults across Asia and Europe, also linked this genetic trait to specific cranial features, including a shorter ascending ramus of the mandible and an increased risk of overbites.

Separately, a study led by Tel Aviv University examined two of the world's only complete Neanderthal pelvises. The findings suggest that modern human males evolved a distinct pelvic structure compared to both Neanderthal males and modern human females. In modern men, the acetabulum (hip socket) is positioned further forward, acting as a shock absorber to facilitate more efficient long-distance walking. This structural shift did not occur in females—or Neanderthal females—due to the biological necessity of maintaining a functional birth canal.