Physical and physiological changes associated with aging

Aging involves the gradual deterioration of various bodily systems, often influenced by genetics, diet, physical activity, sleep, and environmental exposure. Key areas of early change include the eyes, where the lens loses flexibility leading to presbyopia, and blood vessels, which may lose elasticity and contribute to atherosclerosis.

Kidneys may experience a gradual reduction in filtration capacity, and the brain may see declines in information processing speed and memory. While these changes are common, they do not necessarily indicate disease or dementia.

Muscular strength and power also decline, typically beginning around age 40. Research highlights a distinction between strength—the ability to produce force—and power—the ability to produce force quickly. Maintaining muscle power is critical for functional tasks like recovering from a stumble or rising from a chair. Studies suggest that older adults who engage in power-focused resistance training show better functional outcomes than those focusing solely on strength, and low muscle power has been linked to an increased risk of premature death.