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Planetary boundaries: Seven of nine Earth limits exceeded

The 2026 Planetary Health Check, a report by over 60 scientists from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), warns that seven of the nine planetary boundaries essential for human stability have been exceeded. These boundaries have reached their highest levels of transgression to date, increasing the risk of large-scale, persistent, and potentially irreversible changes to the Earth system.

The seven breached boundaries include climate change, biosphere integrity, land-use change, freshwater systems, biogeochemical cycles, introduction of novel entities, and ocean acidification. Notably, ocean acidification officially crossed the safe threshold for the first time in 2025.

While the situation is critical, researchers emphasize that the ozone layer and atmospheric aerosols are the only two indicators that have shown improvement in the last decade. Scientists, including lead author Boris Sakschewski and PIK director Johan Rockström, assert that humanity still possesses the knowledge and capacity to reverse these trends and return to a safe operating space if immediate action is taken.

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Boris Sakschewski · Copernicus · Helen S. Findlay · Johan Rockström · Planetary Boundaries Science · Planetary Boundaries Science Lab · Plymouth Marine Laboratory · Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research

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