Researchers develop 3D-printable biological material for Mars construction

Researchers led by a team from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology have developed a 3D-printable material designed for construction on Mars. The mixture consists of sand, gelatin, and modified yeast that produces adhesive proteins inspired by the way mussels attach to rocks.

In simulated Martian conditions—specifically at -30 °C and a pressure of 0.01 atmospheres—the material underwent a process similar to freeze-drying, where water freezes and turns directly into vapor, leaving small pores. The resulting material achieved an average compressive strength of approximately 12 megapascals and a flexural strength of about 6 megapascals.

While the results are promising for utilizing local resources rather than transporting heavy materials from Earth, the technology is still in its early stages. Current prototypes are limited to tiny structures, such as domes roughly 45 millimeters high and 30 millimeters wide, and are not yet capable of constructing habitable buildings.