Seabird neck anatomy enables high-speed plunge-diving

Researchers at the University of Washington have identified specific anatomical adaptations that allow plunge-diving seabirds, such as gannets and boobies, to survive high-speed water impacts. These birds can dive from heights of approximately 30 meters, reaching speeds of up to 113 kilometers per hour.

A study published in The Anatomical Record reveals that while muscular support helps stabilize the neck, the physical structure of the vertebrae provides critical protection. Using X-ray scans and 3D modeling, scientists found that the neck vertebrae of these birds are thicker, wider, and shorter than those of other avian species. This stockier, blocklike shape is better suited to withstand the compressive forces experienced during impact.

Additionally, the study identified an extra contact surface, known as an articular facet, between the second and sixth neck vertebrae. This feature provides an additional point of support for the adjoining bones, helping to stabilize the cervical column during the sudden pressure of entering the water.