Space debris and satellite trails jeopardize astronomy in low Earth orbit

The amount of debris orbiting in low Earth orbit (LEO) is increasing, raising the probability of collisions that could generate further fragments—a scenario known as the Kessler syndrome. In addition to the physical danger to satellites, the reflective surfaces of many fragments amplify night‑sky brightness, creating light‑pollution that interferes with long‑exposure astronomical imaging.

German astrophysicist Janine Fohlmeister of the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics in Potsdam describes how satellite constellations appear as bright “chains of lights” that streak across the sky, obscuring stars and the Milky Way. Scientists argue that the growing impact on ground‑based observations, as well as the risk to satellite services, requires binding rules for debris disposal, traffic management and active debris removal, rather than relying on voluntary measures.