Spain and Morocco clash over Ceuta, Melilla and Western Sahara legacy

Spain’s relationship with Morocco has long been marked by territorial disputes. Historic episodes include Spain’s protectorate over the Rif, the 1859‑1860 war declared after border incidents near Ceuta, and the 2002 occupation of the Perejil islet. Today the two Spanish enclaves on the North‑African coast, Ceuta and Melilla, remain under Spanish sovereignty, while Morocco repeatedly pressures the cities through immigration flows and diplomatic demands, framing them as nationalist leverage.

Spanish officials warn that Morocco could attempt a forcible takeover, urging stronger military preparedness. The debate also touches the wider Western Sahara issue, where Spain aligns with the United States, France and Germany in supporting Moroccan autonomy over the territory, rejecting Algerian influence. Political critics accuse Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez of conceding too much to Morocco, citing leaked communications and alleged Pegasus‑related surveillance.

Thus, historic grievances, current immigration challenges, and divergent diplomatic positions continue to fuel a contentious Spain‑Morocco relationship centred on Ceuta, Melilla and regional geopolitics.