Spain faces structural labor inequalities and urbanization challenges

Spain faces significant social and economic challenges characterized by high urbanization, with 80% of the population currently living in cities. Despite a resilient and growing economy, structural inequalities persist, particularly affecting youth, women, and low-skilled workers.

The Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS) identifies employment as a central axis for social integration but also a primary generator of inequality. Key drivers of current social complexity include rapid digitalization, which presents both opportunities for innovation and risks of exclusion, and an aging population that is transforming traditional care models.

Additionally, long-standing issues such as poverty and social exclusion remain rooted in familial, labor, and educational factors, necessitating sustained and transformative policies.