Urinary tract infections: risks, causes, and prevention

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent a frequent health issue, particularly among women. According to the Brazilian Society of Urology, approximately 50% of sexually active women between the ages of 20 and 40 may be affected. If left untreated, infections can progress to serious complications such as pyelonephritis, where bacteria reach the kidneys, or even sepsis if the infection enters the bloodstream.

Most community-acquired UTIs are bacterial, with Escherichia coli being responsible for 70% to 85% of cases. Other common microorganisms include Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Proteus, Klebsiella, and Enterococcus faecalis. Diagnosis typically involves urine routine tests, urine cultures, and antibiograms to identify the specific bacteria and determine the appropriate antibiotic treatment.

Incidence rates can increase by up to 30% during warmer months due to factors like increased sweating, prolonged use of wet swimwear, and higher frequency of sexual activity. Medical experts recommend several preventative measures, including maintaining adequate hydration (at least 2 liters of water daily), frequent urination, avoiding constipation, and practicing proper hygiene. Using loose-fitting clothing and maintaining a Mediterranean diet can also support immune health and prevention.