U.S. space nuclear programs face fuel supply challenges

Space nuclear programs are experiencing increased interest and development, though they face significant near-term and long-term hurdles. Key initiatives include NASA’s Space Reactor 1 Freedom project, which aims to launch a nuclear electric propulsion system by the end of 2028, and the Lunar Reactor 1 project intended to provide nuclear power for the moon.

Aaron Miles of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy described the current era as a “generational opportunity.” However, a primary challenge is the lack of a dedicated production line for ceramic high-assay low-enriched uranium (HALEU) fuels. While the U.S. possesses the capability to produce these reactors, demand for HALEU is rising due to its necessity in both space applications and terrestrial small modular reactors.

The Department of Energy currently serves as the sole domestic supplier of HALEU. It has recently allocated fuel to NASA for the SR-1 mission and to the reactor company Radiant, following similar allocations made in previous years.