Vietnam faces demographic challenges as fertility rates fall below replacement level

Vietnam is facing significant demographic challenges as its fertility rate remains below the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman. According to data from the General Statistics Office, the total fertility rate (TFR) was 1.93 in 2025, a slight increase from 1.91 in 2024, but continuing a downward trend from 2.11 in 2021.

There is a stark regional disparity in birth rates. Urban areas and economic hubs are experiencing critically low fertility levels, with Ho Chi Minh City recording the lowest rate at 1.51 children per woman. In contrast, Dien Bien province reported the highest at 2.91. Urban TFR stands at 1.67, significantly lower than the rural rate of 2.08.

Experts and the Ministry of Health indicate that population policy is shifting from mere advocacy to providing practical support. The goal is to alleviate the economic and social pressures that discourage childbearing, such as housing costs, healthcare, education, and the potential for career disruption for women. Addressing these burdens is seen as essential to maintaining a sustainable replacement-level fertility rate and managing the risks of an aging population.