Coffee consumption and its effects on cardiovascular health

Research compiled by the American Heart Association suggests that moderate coffee consumption, up to 400 mg of caffeine per day (approximately 3 to 5 cups), is generally safe for most adults. This level of intake may be associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, stroke, and coronary artery disease, potentially due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds found in coffee.

To maximize benefits, studies suggest consuming black coffee without added sugar or artificial flavors. Preparation methods also matter; unfiltered coffee, such as Turkish or French press, contains cafestol, which can increase bad cholesterol, whereas filtered coffee contains significantly less.

Beyond cardiovascular health, coffee serves as a major source of antioxidant micronutrients, according to the NutriNet-Santé study. However, caffeine's impact on sleep is significant, as it blocks adenosine receptors in the brain. Because caffeine can remain in the system for at least six hours, sleep specialists recommend avoiding coffee in the late afternoon to prevent disruptions to deep sleep phases.