Multiple sclerosis symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that damages the myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers. This damage disrupts the transmission of nerve impulses between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body.

Symptoms vary depending on the location of the lesions. Common early signs include sensory disturbances such as tingling or numbness, vision problems like blurred or double vision, muscle weakness, balance and coordination issues, and chronic fatigue. Diagnosis typically requires a neurological evaluation and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). While MS is not infectious, its development is influenced by immunological, genetic, and environmental factors. Treatment aims to limit disease activity, reduce the frequency of relapses, and manage symptom severity.