NASA develops solid-state batteries for lunar exploration

NASA has announced progress in its SPEARS (Solid Power for Extreme Environment Adaptability and Resilience in Space) project, which aims to develop solid-state batteries capable of withstanding the extreme temperatures of lunar environments. Unlike standard lithium-ion batteries that use liquid electrolytes which can freeze and fail in the cold, these new batteries utilize ceramic or polymer solid electrolytes.

In recent testing, small coin-cell prototypes demonstrated successful operation at temperatures as low as -80 degrees Celsius, though performance slightly declined at that level. Crucially, the batteries showed no physical damage even when exposed to temperatures as low as -170 degrees Celsius. While the batteries require a small heater to reach operational temperatures from extreme lows, they do not require the constant, heavy thermal management systems needed by liquid-based batteries.

This technology is intended for future lunar missions, such as the Artemis program, to power lunar rovers, emergency power supplies for astronauts, and long-term scientific instruments. The lunar south pole, in particular, can reach temperatures as low as -200 degrees Celsius during the night.