Nutritional requirements for iron and folic acid during pregnancy

Nutritional requirements for iron and folic acid increase significantly during pregnancy to support fetal development and maternal health.

Iron is essential for oxygen transport in the blood. Because blood volume increases by approximately 1.5 to 2 liters during pregnancy, the daily iron requirement nearly doubles. According to the German Nutrition Society (DGE), the recommended daily intake rises from 15 mg to 27 mg. Deficiencies can lead to fatigue, concentration issues, and anemia. Iron can be sourced from animal products (heme iron), which are more easily absorbed, or plant-based sources like legumes, whole grains, nuts, and leafy greens (non-heme iron).

Folic acid is critical for cell division and preventing neural tube defects. Because the neural tube closes within three to four weeks of conception—often before a woman knows she is pregnant—experts recommend that women planning a pregnancy begin taking 400 micrograms of folic acid daily at least four weeks before conception. This supplementation should continue through the end of the first trimester. For those who begin supplementation after conception, a higher dose of 800 micrograms daily is recommended to compensate for the later start.