Turmeric supplements face scrutiny over bioavailability and liver safety

Turmeric and its active compound, curcumin, are widely used for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Research indicates that curcumin can lower inflammation markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Because curcumin has low natural bioavailability, supplements often include enhancers like piperine (black pepper extract) to increase absorption.

However, this increased bioavailability has raised regulatory concerns regarding potential health risks. In 2018 and 2019, the Italian Ministry of Health and the Italian National Institute of Health investigated approximately 20 cases of hepatitis in the Tuscany and Lombardy regions linked to turmeric supplements. Investigations ruled out contaminants, suggesting that the turmeric extract itself, or its enhanced absorption methods, may cause liver injury in susceptible individuals. While the absolute risk remains uncertain, the link between enhanced systemic exposure and rare instances of severe liver injury has brought the regulation of concentrated turmeric supplements into focus.