Flinders University toilet aerosol research

Researchers from Flinders University conducted a meta-analysis of 22 studies, published in the journal ‘Science of the Total Environment’, regarding the release of aerosols and bioaerosols during toilet flushing.

The study found that the turbulence created by water flow can propel microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses, into the air. These particles can remain suspended for at least 20 seconds, traveling up to 1.50 meters horizontally and reaching heights of approximately 1.63 meters. This height places the aerosols within the breathing zone of standing adults and poses a higher risk to small children.

Specific pathogens identified include Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, and Clostridioides difficile. The research indicates that the concentration of germs in the air increases by approximately 30 percent for every additional liter of water used during a flush.

To mitigate exposure, experts recommend closing the toilet lid before flushing, ensuring thorough ventilation, and using water-saving settings to reduce turbulence. Hygiene experts also advise keeping toothbrushes away from the toilet to prevent contamination from settling particles.