Hamas political and social evolution in Gaza

The historical rise of Hamas in the Gaza Strip is linked to the establishment of social and religious networks through the Al-Mujama al-Islami, which provided institutional foundations such as schools and clinics. During the early 1980s, the Israeli military administration reportedly maintained a policy of leniency toward Islamic movements to serve as a counterweight to the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and communist factions.

Following the 1993 Oslo Accords, Hamas rejected the peace process and expanded its social and charitable networks independently of the Palestinian Authority.

In the wake of the October 7, 2023, attacks and the subsequent humanitarian crisis, reports indicate growing resentment toward Hamas within Gaza. Security expert Kobi Michael suggests that while the population faced immense suffering due to the conflict, they remain unable to revolt against Hamas due to the group’s “brutal governance.” Additionally, Hamas is accused of undermining humanitarian efforts by looting aid, selling it at inflated prices, and imposing high taxes on essential goods.