[REVISION HISTORY]

Suicide decriminalization efforts in Nigeria and Malawi

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2026-10-13 19:16 UTC → 2026-10-14 21:41 UTC · added ~~removed~~

Nigeria and Malawi are navigating legislative and social transitions to decriminalize attempted suicide and prioritize mental health care over punitive measures. In Nigeria, the Federal Executive Council has approved the decriminalization of attempted suicide, following a Government White Paper intended to amend the Criminal Code Act and Penal Code. While health advocates argue that decriminalization reduces the stigma preventing individuals from seeking help, the legislative process has encountered significant opposition. The Nigerian Senate recently passed a bill for its second reading, sponsored by Senator Asuquo Ekpenyong. The legislation seeks to replace criminal prosecution with medical assessment, rehabilitation, and psychological support, while also proposing crisis helplines and national data systems. Senator Ekpenyong noted that current laws are contradictory, as the National Mental Health Act treats attempted suicide as a psychiatric emergency while existing codes still criminalize it. However, Senate President Godswill Akpabio has expressed strong opposition to the decriminalization aspect. Akpabio argued that attempted suicide should remain a criminal offense, suggesting that removing penalties could encourage the act. He remarked that if an attempt is made and fails, the individual should face ~~imprisonment.~~ imprisonment, stating, “If you attempt suicide, make sure you die. Anyone who attempts and fails will go to jail.” Akpabio’s remarks have drawn sharp criticism from civil society and political groups. The Community Outreach for Development and Welfare Advocacy (CODWA) described his stance as “state-endorsed despair,” while the African Democratic Congress (ADC) labeled his comments “insensitive and disturbing.” In Malawi, a legal conflict persists between the recently activated Mental Health Act, which treats mental distress as a health emergency, and Section 229 of the Penal Code, which still allows for up to two years of imprisonment. Activists continue to call for the repeal of these conflicting laws to ensure survivors receive support rather than being booked by police.

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