Biological risks in mummified remains trade

Researchers from the Universities of Staffordshire, Salento, Messina, and Adelaide have issued warnings regarding the biological and chemical hazards posed by the online trade of ancient mummified human and animal remains. A study published in the ‘International Journal of Cultural Property’ analyzed 128 online listings across social media, auction houses, and e-commerce sites, finding that many artifacts—including hands, feet, and heads—show signs of biodeterioration.

The risks include exposure to toxic substances like mercury, lead, and arsenic, as well as the inhalation of dangerous microbial spores. Experts noted that dormant ancient fungal spores can become airborne during handling, potentially leading to severe health issues such as lung inflammation, organ failure, cancer, or brain damage. Bioarchaeologist Kirsty Squires noted that the rise of social media has fueled international trafficking and demand for such cultural heritage, with illegal sellers often showing a ‘deliberate disregard’ for the biological hazards present in deteriorating specimens.

The study highlights that many listings include various animals, such as cats, birds, and primates, with origins tracing back to regions including Egypt and South America. The investigation emphasizes that unlike controlled museum environments, these private transactions lack necessary safety precautions, potentially endangering buyers, sellers, and postal workers.

While museums utilize specialized glass cases to manage these risks, private collectors often lack environmental controls or safety instructions. Many items are shipped via standard postal services without proper temperature or humidity safeguards, prompting researchers to urge the public to report such sales to authorities to protect both public health and archaeological heritage.