Czech transport upgrades intensify summer 2026

Timeline

1. about 5 hours ago

   [POLITICS] 2 sources

   Czech Republic schedules multiple road closures in 2026

   Czech road works will close the Ludkovice‑Řetechov road (July‑Nov 2026) and partially shut I/11 in Ostrava (Aug 2026), prompting detours and possible traffic jams.

2. 2 days ago

   [BUSINESS] 2 sources

   Czech cities Trutnov and Brno press ahead with road and tram works, extending traffic limits

   Trutnov and Brno continue major infrastructure projects—street, fiber‑optic and sewer works in Trutnov, and a new tram line with bridge closure in Brno—extending traffic restrictions into late summer.

3. 4 days ago

   [BUSINESS] 4 sources

   Czech D35 highway segment between Ostrov and Vysoké Mýto opens early on Aug. 21

   Czech road authority opened the Ostrov‑Vysoké Mýto section of the D35 motorway on Aug 21, three days early, easing traffic despite the Homole tunnel remaining delayed until next year.

4. 6 days ago

   [INTERNATIONAL] 8 sources

   Czech Transport Projects Delayed and Costlier

   Prague tram works cause heavy traffic; bridge tenders in Czech Republic exceed budgets after legal disputes, delaying key transport projects.

5. 6 days ago

   [BUSINESS] 8 sources

   Czech Republic pushes forward D35 highway construction between Opatovice and Mohelnice

   Czech Republic’s D35 motorway upgrade, the country's biggest PPP, sees bids differing by 6.8% and construction progressing with asphalt laying and bridge work on the Džbánov‑Litomyšl section, slated for 2026‑27

6. 8 days ago

   [BUSINESS] 29 sources

   Czech transport projects cause extensive traffic disruptions

   Road upgrades across the Czech Republic, including Prague’s Kbelská Street, are proceeding with temporary traffic limits, detours and lane closures, while a new Prague‑Beroun rail tunnel and other projects aim

7. 9 days ago

   [CULTURE] 2 sources

   Prague Launches New Tram Route to Replace Cancelled Line 14

   Prague will replace the cancelled tram line 14 with a temporary line 5 (and line 6 opposite) via Hlávkův Bridge from September 2026 to end‑2026, cancelling line 34 and easing commuter traffic.

8. 10 days ago

   [TECHNOLOGY] 3 sources

   Prague and Cheb Launch Major Road and Traffic Light Upgrades

   Prague’s TSK finished pre‑emptive road surface repairs ahead of a Kbelska Street rebuild, while Cheb started traffic‑light reconstruction to boost safety and enable future intelligent transport systems.

9. 10 days ago

   [BUSINESS] 7 sources

   Road closures in Vyškov and Žďár districts disrupt traffic in the Czech Republic

   The Vyškov and Žďár districts in the Czech Republic face extensive road closures and traffic restrictions through summer, affecting highways, local streets, and rest areas.

10. 11 days ago

    [TECHNOLOGY] 4 sources

    Czech officials evaluate tunnel projects for Prague bypass and Prague‑Beroun railway

    Czech officials are discussing two major tunnel projects – a 1.2 km road bypass tunnel in Dolní Chabry, seeking ŘSD control, and a Prague‑Beroun railway tunnel costing ~90 bn CZK, aimed at cutting travel time,,

11. 12 days ago

    [BUSINESS] 3 sources

    Plzen and Prague Road Closures Prompt Public Transport Reroutes

    Road work in Plzen and Prague forces temporary trolleybus and traffic diversions, with Plzen’s Americká roundabout closed until Aug 9 and Prague’s Ring Road overpasses being demolished, slated for completion by

12. 12 days ago

    [POLITICS] 2 sources

    Prague traffic sign chaos sparks driver confusion after reconstruction

    MP Filip Turk raises concerns over contradictory temporary and permanent signs at rebuilt Prague intersections, prompting calls for clearer signage and on‑site checks.

13. 14 days ago

    [BUSINESS] 4 sources

    Czech Republic advances major bridge projects in České Budějovice and Moravia

    Czech demolition of the Kosmonaut bridge in České Budějovice is finished, with a new off‑site bridge to be installed by November; meanwhile a 690‑ton steel railway bridge on the Přerov‑Kojetín line is being sl​

14. 15 days ago

    [BUSINESS] 5 sources

    D2 highway near Bratislava’s Lamač to close for night work over weekend

    D2 highway near Bratislava’s Lamač will close for two night‑time periods on 17‑19 July for modernization, with traffic rerouted and full reopening on 19 July.

15. 15 days ago

    [CULTURE] 5 sources

    Czech cities suspend tram service in summer for bridge and track maintenance

    Olomouc and Prague will suspend tram service in August for track and bridge repairs, providing bus replacements and temporary stops.

16. 16 days ago

    [BUSINESS] 2 sources

    Czech road and rail repairs cause traffic delays near Boskovice and Žďár

    Road repairs on I/19 near Boskovice and a bridge demolition near Žďár cause traffic delays and train suspensions, with detours and bus substitutes provided until works finish.

17. 16 days ago

    [BUSINESS] 3 sources

    Czech Transport Ministry Receives Final PPP Bids for D35 Highway Extension

    Czech Transport Ministry received final PPP bids from three consortia for the D35 highway extension, including two major tunnels; evaluation starts with potential construction later this year.

18. 16 days ago

    [BUSINESS] 3 sources

    Czech road works near Slovak border cost over 260 million CZK

    Czech Republic plans a new eight‑bridge road near Nových Heřminovech and a 260 million CZK repair of the I/68 highway to Slovakia, with a tender due Aug 4 and a 135‑day deadline.

19. 17 days ago

    [BUSINESS] 8 sources

    Olomouc public transport faces heat crisis with few air‑conditioned vehicles

    Olomouc’s public transport suffers in the heat, with only 28 of 150 vehicles air‑conditioned; plans target over half AC fleet by 2028.

20. 17 days ago

    [BUSINESS] 6 sources

    Prague transport network faces extensive summer repairs

    Prague’s tram line to the castle, the main railway station, and Hlávka Bridge are under summer repairs, while heat‑softened asphalt halted tram service on the Florenc‑Karlín route, causing widespread traffic,​​

21. 18 days ago

    [POLITICS] 2 sources

    Traffic disruptions in Vsetín and Mníšek pod Brdy during July 2026

    July 2026 road works in Vsetín and the Skalecká pouť in Mníšek pod Brdy bring traffic closures, rerouted routes and parking restrictions for drivers.

22. 18 days ago

    [BUSINESS] 2 sources

    Traffic restrictions imposed in Trutnov and Brno as housing and tram projects advance

    Traffic in Trutnov and Brno faces restrictions as new housing and a costly tram line under construction force road closures and pedestrian detours through 2027.

23. 18 days ago

    [BUSINESS] 7 sources

    Czech Republic aims to start D35 highway PPP construction this year

    Czech ministers received three PPP bids to finish the D35 highway segment, aiming to select a winner by September and start construction in 2024, with a 22‑year concession and payments linked to availability.

24. 19 days ago

    [POLITICS] 2 sources

    Czech I/35 highway project delayed two to three years after court revokes environmental permit

    A Czech court reinstated the revocation of the 2021 EIA for the I/35 Turnov‑Jičín bypass, forcing a new study and delaying construction by 2‑3 years, pushing back a 30 billion CZK project.

25. 20 days ago

    [BUSINESS] 3 sources

    Staré Boleslav D10 highway closed for bridge demolition

    The D10 motorway near Staré Boleslav was closed Friday night for bridge demolition; detours were set, Skanska leads the 55 million‑CZK project expected to finish by 2025.

26. 20 days ago

    [INTERNATIONAL] 4 sources

    Zwardoń border crossing closed for trucks during five‑week D3 highway overhaul

    The Zwardóń border crossing is closed from 12 July to 17 August for a five‑week D3 highway renovation, barring trucks over 7.5 t; lighter vehicles must use road 12, heavier trucks must detour via the former Cze

27. 20 days ago

    [BUSINESS] 4 sources

    Prague sees extensive bridge and street reconstruction disrupting traffic

    Prague’s Hlávka Bridge tram service is halted and roads narrowed, while Kbelská street undergoes a costly road‑surface upgrade, affecting traffic until mid‑August.

28. 20 days ago

    [INTERNATIONAL] 4 sources

    D3 Motorway Between Slovakia and Poland Closed Until Mid‑August

    Slovakia’s D3 motorway at the Svrčinovec‑Skalité border will be fully closed from 12 July 23:00 to 17 August 08:00 for extensive bridge and tunnel repairs, with detours via I/11/I/12 and a ban on trucks over 7.

29. 22 days ago

    [BUSINESS] 3 sources

    Czech D3 highway extension opens, easing traffic in South Bohemia

    Czech Republic opens a new D3 highway segment with a tunnel and bridges, cutting traffic in České Budějovice, while a joint D3‑water pipeline project promises cost savings and improved water supply in Central B

30. 23 days ago

    [INTERNATIONAL] 3 sources

    Slovakia closes D3 highway segment at Zwardoń–Skalité border for a month

    The D3 highway between Svrčinovec and Skalité will be closed from 12 July to 17 August for tunnel and bridge upgrades, with traffic rerouted via I/12 and I/11 and truck limits enforced.

31. 23 days ago

    [BUSINESS] 9 sources

    Czech Republic summer roadworks disrupt traffic nationwide

    Summer road repairs across the Czech Republic—including highway D55, a hospital entrance, the Olomouc‑Šternberk route and more—are causing detours, lane closures and bus delays, with police monitoring.

32. 24 days ago

    [POLITICS] 3 sources

    Uherské Hradiště road closure and detour planned for Sokolovská street

    Uherské Hradiště will close Sokolovská street for reconstruction, detouring traffic via Východ and replacing a bus stop, with work slated for July.

33. 26 days ago

    [BUSINESS] 2 sources

    Czech Road Authority launches CZK 690 million tender for D11 rest stop near Jaroměř

    Czech road agency issued a CZK 690 million tender for a bi‑directional rest area on the D11 near Jaroměř, with construction to start this year and opening planned for 2028, as part of a larger D11 completion.

34. 27 days ago

    [POLITICS] 2 sources

    Brno greenlights new bridge and roundabout to ease traffic

    Brno approved a new 4‑metre bridge over the Svratka River at Riviéra, slated for construction from 2028, and a land swap with ABB to build a larger roundabout on Vienna Street to ease traffic congestion.

35. 28 days ago

    [POLITICS] 3 sources

    Prague Begins Major Kbelská Street Reconstruction, Expect Traffic Delays

    Prague has begun a 24/7 reconstruction of Kbelská Street from June 6, with traffic limited to a single lane, bus lanes and increased police oversight, lasting until mid‑August.

36. about 1 month ago

    [POLITICS] 2 sources

    Ostrava’s Krásné Pole Roundabout Completed, Costing Over 10 Million CZK

    Ostrava’s Krásné Pole roundabout, costing 10.3 million CZK, opened after a ten‑week build, replacing a hazardous intersection and improving road safety.

37. about 1 month ago

    [INTERNATIONAL] 16 sources

    Summer roadworks trigger widespread traffic closures across Czech Republic and Slovakia

    Summer roadworks across the Czech Republic and Slovakia are causing many street, highway and bridge closures, detours and public‑transport changes in cities such as Zlín, Brno, Jihlava and Prešov.

38. about 1 month ago

    [BUSINESS] 4 sources

    Czech D11 highway construction continues amid extreme heat

    Czech contractors are completing the D11 motorway near the Polish border despite extreme heat, using extensive safety measures and aiming for a November 2026 finish.

39. about 1 month ago

    [BUSINESS] 2 sources

    Czech Republic's Plasy Bypass to Feature Nation's Highest Road Bridge

    Czech authorities started a 5.6 km bypass around Plasy, featuring the country's highest road bridge (87 m above the Střela River). The project, costing ~1.3 bn CZK, aims to ease traffic of up to 10,000 vehicles

40. about 1 month ago

    [BUSINESS] 2 sources

    Czech road works force widespread street closures and D35 highway detour

    Olomouc faces extensive street closures through summer for repairs, while D35 highway's Ostrov‑Vysoké Mýto segment opens in August after tunnel delays, diverting traffic through Ostrov.

41. about 1 month ago

    [POLITICS] 2 sources

    Chodov, Czech Republic opens new pedestrian bridge over Chodovský potok

    Chodov has installed a new 4.4 million‑crown concrete pedestrian bridge on Poděbradova Street, replacing an old steel span and offering barrier‑free access; opening is planned for early July.

42. about 1 month ago

    [POLITICS] 2 sources

    Czech towns Třebíč and Nymburk close streets for road works

    Třebíč will close Táborská Street for asphalt works (29 Jun‑1 Jul) and Nymburk will start building a roundabout on Boleslavská, closing the Bobnice ramp and shifting traffic.

43. about 1 month ago

    [BUSINESS] 2 sources

    Skanska begins construction of new Prague bypass bridge

    Skanska has started building a new Prague bypass bridge, part of a 12.5 km road project expected to cut traffic by up to 12,000 vehicles daily and finish in 2028 at a cost of CZK 3.78 bn.

44. about 1 month ago

    [POLITICS] 2 sources

    Olomouc pipe burst fuels water‑infrastructure debate as Prague earmarks 35 bn CZK for upgrades

    Olomouc’s 1956 pipe burst highlights ageing Czech water networks, prompting political debate, while Prague approves a 35 bn CZK plan to modernise its water infrastructure through 2031.

45. about 1 month ago

    [BUSINESS] 3 sources

    Czech Republic road closures extended through summer

    Czech road works on II/155 near Holkova and I/19 near Pohled are delayed, extending closures to August and possibly October‑November, with detours and multi‑million‑CZK costs.

46. about 1 month ago

    [POLITICS] 5 sources

    Kladno and Žďár launch major street redevelopment projects

    Kladno begins a two‑phase rebuild of Hřebečská street with temporary parking and accessibility upgrades, while Žďár invests millions to revamp its centre, improving streets, lighting, and green spaces.

47. about 1 month ago

    [BUSINESS] 3 sources

    Czech Republic's Běchovice‑Úvaly Four‑Lane Bypass Construction Advances

    Construction of the four‑lane I/12 bypass between Běchovice and Úvaly in the Czech Republic has begun laying asphalt and building the first of 23 bridges, aiming to divert up to 12,000 vehicles daily when it re

48. about 1 month ago

    [BUSINESS] 4 sources

    Czech road repairs begin in Jihlava and on I/19 highway

    Roadworks in Jihlava (June 24–July 3) and on the I/19 highway (July onward) will close sections, divert traffic and cost tens of millions of Czech crowns.

49. about 1 month ago

    [CRIME] 2 sources

    Fatal Truck‑Car Collision in Jablunkov Region, Czech Republic

    A head‑on collision between an Opel car and a freight truck in Jablunkov, Czech Republic, killed one woman and left another critically injured; the truck caught fire and the road was closed for several hours.

50. about 1 month ago

    [POLITICS] 2 sources

    Letňany traffic restrictions during Kbelské reconstruction

    Letňany’s Kbelské reconstruction (2 July‑15 Aug 2026) brings traffic limits, a displaced bus stop, resident‑only access on two streets, and a new traffic light.

51. about 1 month ago

    [HEALTH] 5 sources

    Czech Republic records several serious road accidents with multiple injuries

    Multiple serious road accidents across the Czech Republic injured several people, closed major roads, and prompted extensive emergency responses.

52. about 1 month ago

    [INTERNATIONAL] 3 sources

    D6 and D1 highways face closures in Czech Republic and Slovakia

    D6 near Kladensk (CZ) closed for urgent repairs; D1 near Hričovský Podhradí (SK) shut after a major accident, with additional tunnel, train and truck incidents disrupting transport.

53. about 1 month ago

    [BUSINESS] 3 sources

    Czech cities Kroměříž and Ostrava begin major road repair projects

    Kroměříž and Ostrava launch road repair works; Kroměříž renovates Obvodová street (6 M CZK) through August, while Ostrava fully closes Cingrův street (3.7 M CZK) for a weekend in June, with detours and future I

54. about 1 month ago

    [BUSINESS] 3 sources

    New 40‑million‑CZK Bridge Opens in Karlovy Vary

    Karlovy Vary opened a new 40 million CZK bridge built by Strabag SIS, replacing a deteriorated historic structure and updating utility connections.

55. about 1 month ago

    [TECHNOLOGY] 2 sources

    Czech cities impose water pipe repairs causing outages and traffic delays

    Prague schedules widespread water outages for late June; Brno begins traffic‑controlled water‑pipe reconstruction on Fryčajova Street, with possible 15‑minute red‑light waits through October.

56. about 1 month ago

    [BUSINESS] 2 sources

    Czech D5 Highway to Undergo Half‑Billion CZK Renovation from July to October 2026

    Czech D5 motorway will be refurbished on a 10‑km section from July to October 2026, with a 577 million CZK contract covering resurfacing, drainage, bridges and barrier upgrades; traffic will be rerouted in a 3‑

57. about 1 month ago

    [POLITICS] 2 sources

    Czech cities expand road reconstruction, imposing traffic restrictions

    Olomouc and Prague launch major road rebuilds, closing key streets and creating a virtual tunnel, affecting thousands of daily commuters across the Czech Republic.

58. about 2 months ago

    [BUSINESS] 8 sources

    Major road closures in Prague and Czech cities for Kbelská street reconstruction and other infrastructure projects

    Czech road works, including Kbelská street reconstruction in Prague and multiple closures in Všeň, Brno, Liberec and Náchod, cause major traffic diversions through mid‑2027.

59. about 2 months ago

    [CRIME] 2 sources

    Two Truck Drivers Killed in D2 Highway Crash Near Brno

    A collision of two trucks on the narrowed 11‑km section of the D2 near Brno killed both drivers and forced a full closure of the highway in both directions.

60. about 2 months ago

    [BUSINESS] 2 sources

    Czech road authority launches major D4 bridge demolition and I/53 expansion projects

    Czech road agency demolishes a D4 bridge and awards a 1.967 bn CZK contract to revamp the I/53, adding a three‑lane section and new interchanges.

61. about 2 months ago

    [INTERNATIONAL] 2 sources

    Roadworks Disrupt Traffic in Levoča (SK) and Kolín (CZ)

    Levoča (SK) closes Košická Street for a week of asphalt work, directing traffic via detours; Kolín (CZ) opens a partially usable roundabout near the labour office, urging drivers to heed new signs.

62. about 2 months ago

    [CRIME] 8 sources

    Brno region sees fatal truck crash and driver assault

    Police seek witnesses after a driver assault in Slavkov, a fatal truck crash on D2 near Brno, a sleepy driver crash near Jihlava, and a man rescued from a burning Jeep near Novákovice.

63. about 2 months ago

    [BUSINESS] 3 sources

    Brno highway intersection expansion forces weekend road closures and traffic delays

    Brno's D1/D2 junction expansion leads to single‑lane traffic on D2 and full closure of Kaštanová street from 12‑14 June, causing longer detours; work continues until 2027.

64. about 2 months ago

    [BUSINESS] 2 sources

    Czech Republic Starts Dobrovského Street Revamp in Svitavy and Postpones Prague Ring Overpass Demolition

    Czech Republic initiates a street overhaul in Svitavy with new utilities and detours, while postponing demolition of Prague Ring overpasses due to geological issues, planning rebuilt structures for a six‑lane ​

65. about 2 months ago

    [INTERNATIONAL] 3 sources

    Czech and Polish towns close major streets for drainage projects, causing traffic delays

    Roads in Czech towns Třemblat‑Ondřejov and Jihlava, and Poland’s Słomianka area, are closed from mid‑June for drainage projects, with detours and bus schedule changes lasting until late August.

66. about 2 months ago

    [BUSINESS] 2 sources

    Czech road projects feature a lifting bridge in Třebíč and a new bridge in Čeminy

    Czech authorities are building a lifting bridge in Třebíč for nuclear component transport and a modern replacement bridge in Čeminy on road II/180, both slated for completion in 2026.

67. about 2 months ago

    [BUSINESS] 2 sources

    Czech Republic reopens key road sections in Havlíčkův Brod and D35

    Czech authorities have reopened the P.F. Ledvinky street in Havlíčkův Brod after extensive repairs and opened a kilometre of the D35 motorway near Všestar, while I/35 remains closed for construction.

68. about 2 months ago

    [BUSINESS] 5 sources

    Czech Republic road projects trigger closures on II/432 and I/9 routes

    Czech road works see bridge reconstruction on II/432 with June‑August closures and the opening of a new I/9 bypass segment in Česká Lípa.

69. about 2 months ago

    [POLITICS] 5 sources

    Czech cities Brno and Jihlava launch roadworks and new traffic islands, prompting detours and safety concerns

    Brno’s Benešova Street reconstruction forces cars onto sidewalks until October, while Jihlava’s new traffic island has already caused two minor accidents; officials say both aim to boost safety.

70. about 2 months ago

    [POLITICS] 4 sources

    Czech road works disrupt traffic in Prague and Přerov

    Road repairs in Prague and Přerov cause lane reductions, detours and prolonged delays, with a stalled contractor delaying fixes in Přerov.

71. about 2 months ago

    [CRIME] 3 sources

    Traffic accidents shut Czech highways D7 and D3

    Two accidents closed Czech highways D7 near Louny and D3 toward Prague, with rescue crews on site and police citing speeding in the D3 crash.

72. about 2 months ago

    [CRIME] 3 sources

    Two Fatal Collisions Halt Traffic on Czech D2 Highway Near Brno

    Two separate crashes on the D2 highway near Brno on June 4, 2026 killed a car driver and a van driver, prompting highway closures and fire alarms.

73. about 2 months ago

    [BUSINESS] 2 sources

    Czech Road Authority Plans New I/73 Highway Section Linking D1 and D35

    Czech Road Authority aims to open D35 before Homolí in August and begin building the Bořitov‑Svitávka section of I/73 next year, a 8.1 km stretch costing CZK 4 bn with a 110 km/h speed limit.

74. about 2 months ago

    [POLITICS] 4 sources

    Czech Republic road works set to disrupt summer traffic

    Czech road authority ŘSD plans summer repairs on highways D1, D5, D11 and first‑class roads in South Bohemia, allocating about 8 billion CZK and causing traffic restrictions through 2027.

75. about 2 months ago

    [POLITICS] 4 sources

    Road construction in Czech Republic leads to closures near Ústí and Tábor

    Czech road works redesign a dangerous Ústí intersection and impose phased closures on Tábor routes, with detours and special bus services through October.

76. about 2 months ago

    [POLITICS] 2 sources

    Prague and Havlíčkův Brod road works scheduled for June 2026

    Prague prepares detour routes for Kbelska Street reconstruction in June 2026, while Havlíčkův Brod closes Rozkošská Street bridge for months, diverting traffic and bus services.

77. about 2 months ago

    [BUSINESS] 6 sources

    Czech highways D5 and Zlín roadwork cause major traffic delays

    A truck crash on the D5 near Benešov closed the motorway to Germany, while road repairs in Zlín forced drivers into long queues, causing widespread traffic delays in the Czech Republic.

78. about 2 months ago

    [BUSINESS] 2 sources

    Record traffic volumes strain Czech D1 highway in Vysočina region

    Czech D1 motorway in Vysočina sees record traffic up to 58,000 vehicles daily, with trucks causing jams and a rise in accidents; D35 completion is slated to ease congestion.

79. 2 months ago

    [TECHNOLOGY] 2 sources

    Czech Republic extends AI‑driven variable speed‑limit trial on highways

    Czech Republic extended its AI‑controlled 150 km/h speed‑limit trial on the D3 highway to end‑2026, noting a 10 km/h rise in average speed and reduced overall speeding; Spain also uses AI‑managed variable speed

80. 2 months ago

    [POLITICS] 4 sources

    Czech Republic tackles costly road bypass and airport repair amid funding challenges

    Czech road bypass and airport repair projects face high costs and funding gaps, prompting calls for state and military support.

81. 3 months ago

    [POLITICS] 2 sources

    Czech transport officials restore 130 km/h limit on Frýdek‑Místek bypass and extend 150 km/h D3 pilot

    Czech road upgrades lift Frýdek‑Místek limit to 130 km/h and keep D3 150 km/h pilot active through year‑end.

82. 3 months ago

    [CRIME] 13 sources

    Czech Republic faces widespread road closures and traffic jams amid construction and accidents

    Construction, accidents and bridge projects have caused major road closures and traffic jams across the Czech Republic.

83. 3 months ago

    [CRIME] 9 sources

    Czech highway D6 bridge rebuild and Route 430 works cause closures, red‑light offences

    Czech D6 bridge rebuild and Route 430 works cause lane closures and 19 red‑light violations.

84. 3 months ago

    [BUSINESS] 35 sources

    Prague and Brno face extensive road works causing prolonged traffic disruptions

    Prague's Kbelská street rebuild cut to 45 days with 24/7 work, while Brno's Údolní street loses a lane for over a year due to school roof repairs.